Publications

Here, a few useful papers are listed for all those that want to take a closer look at the turbulence models implemented in GOTM. Don't forget, however, that there is a very detailed scientific documentation for GOTM.

A recent overview over the second-order models in GOTM comes from Umlauf and Burchard (2005), who describe the most popular models used in ocean modelling, and convert them to the unifying notation also used in the GOTM implementation. An inter-comparison of some second-order models can be found in Burchard and Bolding (2001), who discuss a number of tests in realistic marine situations. These second-order models are used in GOTM typically in a two-equation model set-up, where the standard model is the - model outlined by Burchard and Baumert (1995). Another standard model in geophysical applications is the Mellor-Yamada model, which has been compared to the - model in Burchard et al. (1998), also see Burchard (2001). More recent developments focused on the - model, see Umlauf et al. (2003), and a ``generic'' length scale equation from which virtually all other two-equation models can be derived as special cases, see Umlauf and Burchard (2003). Many more issues, like stability, energy conserving discretisation, and adaptive grids are mentioned in the documentation together with appropriate references.

From version 3.2 on, also the KPP model is part of GOTM. This model has been developed by Large et al. (1994); a bottom mixing module, which is also part of the GOTM implementation, has been added by Durksi et al. (2004).

Bibliography

Burchard, H., Note on the equation by Mellor and Yamada [1982], J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1377-1387, 2001.

Burchard, H., and H. Baumert, On the performace of a mixed-layer model based on the - turbulence closure, J. Geophys. Res. (C5), 100, 8523-8540, 1995.

Burchard, H., and K. Bolding, Comparative analysis of four second-moment turbulence closure models for the oceanic mixed layer, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1943-1968, 2001.

Burchard, H., O. Petersen, and T. P. Rippeth, Comparing the performance of the Mellor-Yamada and the two-equation turbulence models, J. Geophys. Res. (C5), 103, 10,543-10,554, 1998.

Durksi, S. M., S. M. Glenn, and D. Haidvogel, Vertical mixing schemes in the coastal ocean: Comparision of the level 2.5 Mellor-Yamada scheme with an enhanced version of the K profile parameterization, J. Geophys. Res., 109, 2004, doi:10.1029/2002JC001702.

Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and S. C. Doney, Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with nonlocal boundary layer parameterisation, Rev. Geophys., 32, 363-403, 1994.

Umlauf, L., and H. Burchard, A generic length-scale equation for geophysical turbulence models, J. Mar. Res., 61, 235-265, 2003.

Umlauf, L., and H. Burchard, Second-order turbulence closure models for geophysical boundary layers. a review of recent work, Cont. Shelf. Res., 25, 795-827, 2005.

Umlauf, L., H. Burchard, and K. Hutter, Extending the - turbulence model towards oceanic applications, Ocean Modelling, 5, 195-218, 2003.